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Zambia has several major indigenous languages, all of them members of the Bantu family, together with English, which is the official language and the major language of business and education. == Indigenous languages == Zambia is widely claimed to have over 72 languages, although many of these might be better regarded as dialects. Some of these languages have a long history within Zambia, while others, such as Lozi, arose as a result of 18th and 19th-century migrations. All of Zambia's vernacular languages are members of the Bantu family and are closely related to one another. Seven vernacular languages have official status. Together these represent the major languages of each province: Bemba (Northern Province, Luapula, Muchinga and the Copperbelt), Nyanja (Eastern Province and Lusaka), Lozi (Western Province), Tonga (Southern Province), and Kaonde, Luvale and Lunda (Northwestern Province). These seven languages are used, together with English, in early primary schooling and in some government publications. A common orthography was approved by the Ministry of Education in 1977.〔 Chimuka, S. S. 1977. ''Zambian languages: orthography approved by the Ministry of Education''. Lusaka : National Educational Company of Zambia (NECZAM).〕〔Kashoki, Mubanga E. 1981. ''(Harmonization of African languages: standardization of orthography in Zambia )'' in ''In African Languages: Proceedings of the Meeting of Experts on the Transcription and Harmonization of African Languages'', Niamey (Niger), 17–21 July 1978, (pp. 164–75). Paris: UNESCO.〕 According to the 2000 census, Zambia's most widely spoken languages are Bemba (spoken by 52% of the population as either a first or second language), Nyanja (37%), Tonga (15%) and Lozi (11%). In some languages, particularly Bemba and Nyanja, Zambians distinguish between a "deep" form of the language, associated with older and more traditional speakers in rural areas, and urban forms (sometimes called "town language" or ''Chitauni'', such as Town Bemba and Town Nyanja) that incorporate a large number of borrowings from English and other innovations. An urban variety of Nyanja is the lingua franca of the capital Lusaka and is widely spoken as a second language throughout Zambia. Bemba, the country's largest indigenous language, also serves as a lingua franca is some areas. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Languages of Zambia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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